Scanning thousands of old slides?

Film scanners are very good, but are also very slow. You may do well to average 10 slides per hour overall, so thousands of slides may take many months, and it's a good bet that you may never finish. The Nikon 5000 film scanner did have its SF-210 Auto Slide Feeder accessory ($450) for overnight runs of 50 slides, if it doesn't jam.

The digital camera (with a macro lens) can copy slides very well (and fast), but a real film scanner can be better for color negatives (with the film holders, and better quality for removal of the orange mask, on another page). And some film scanners offer an infrared dust and scratch cleaning feature (often named Digital ICE or FARE) that the camera cannot do, which is extremely useful, but it adds even more time (and may be unsuitable for silver-based Kodachrome slides). But the camera is fast, and great for slides. It was one thing to sit down one evening with one roll of slides, but it's something entirely different to be facing a few thousand old slides.

I did scan my better candidates, but I kept putting off all notions of scanning all of them. What I finally did was to use a slide copy attachment on a digital camera with macro lens. Then hundreds, even a thousand slides per day once, is possible and was accomplished, including most of the routine post-processing. The camera is extremely fast, about as fast as you can load them. Perhaps this method was a rushed job, but the job does not happen otherwise. I am speaking of a DSLR with a good macro lens, and the optical quality can be superb, but rushing through thousands can miss a few details. And there are other choices too, below. Regardless, the results are more than plenty good enough, assuming the slides are decently exposed, and clean and in good condition. I'd guess you will likely resample all of them smaller to computer or TV screen size anyway. If you want to be able to view all your old slides again, then a digital camera can be a very fast way to do it.

The ES-1 fits a 52 mm lens filter thread, or a suitable adapter there. To work on a DX camera (1.5x crop), the setup as shown also requires an extra 20 mm extension tube between lens and ES-1 (shown, but not included). The ES-1 is an empty tube, a slide holder which contains no glass lens, and is designed to hold the slide in front of a 1:1 macro lens (designed for 55 mm focal length on a full frame body). Adding an extension (between the lens and ES-1) lets it work on a cropped sensor DSLR. This macro lens will be optically superior to a 10x diopter close up filter on a regular zoom lens. $60 may seem expensive for a slide holder, but the job it does is about priceless.

This article was written for the ES-1. I have not used the newer ES-2, I have only looked at its user sheet online. Both the ES-1 and ES-2 are designed for a full frame camera, and extra extension as described below is needed for both of them if used on the 1.5x or 1.6x crop bodies (the same issue either way). The ES-2 also has 52 mm threads, and provides two 62 mm thread adapters which work on the full frame camera with both old and new Nikon 60 mm macro lens (the ES-1 does not provide the thread adapters). The Nikon 40 mm lens will fit the 52mm threads, but it is a DX lens, which we are unlikely to own for a full frame camera. The ES-2 user sheet says the 40 mm lens will "crop the edges" when used on a full frame body. My guess is this is significantly understated for a DX lens on a full frame body at 1:1 (but extra extension can always be added as a complete solution for the 40 mm or 60mm lenses on bodies with cropped sensors. Using a proper extension with this 40 mm DX lens on a full frame body to extend the holder further out would not crop, but then it will be a smaller image, about 2/3 size, just right for a cropped sensor, but which cannot then fill a full frame sensor. The ES-1 and 40 mm lens was just about right for a cropped sensor body. The extension needed for the ES-2 possibly might be a little different than the ES-1.

The ES-2 is said to be designed for the D850 camera, obviously because the D850 has a direct color negative inversion mode, explaining the reason for the provided film strip holder. But it does mean a full frame body (unless extra extension is used as described here). Any full frame body should do slides the same (or B&W negatives too, easily inverted in an editor). The ES-2 is about double price of the ES-1, handheld the ES-1 should easily do mounted 35 mm slides fully as well (but cropped sensor bodies will need to add additional extension with either copier).

The ES-1 is NOT a requirement to copy slides. It is for 35 mm slides, and is designed for a 55 mm 1:1 macro lens and a full frame body (crop factor 1). Most other film sizes or longer lenses will require other setups to fill the frame properly. An APS cropped sensor body (crop factor 1.5) can use the ES-1 with 40 to 60 mm macro lenses, but possibly needing a proper short extender tube (below). This extension length prohibits a longer lens with the ES-1. However, several other types of setups (without an ES-1) can easily work if you can make a way to hold the slide to aim any macro lens at it, with the slide evenly lighted from the rear. And there are other slide copy attachments, which include a 10x diopter single element magnifying lens, to work with regular zoom lenses, but a true macro lens will be optically superior.

Said again: The ES-1 is designed for a 55 mm macro lens at 1:1 on a full frame camera. The ES-1 will need about 20mm extra extension to work with a 1.5x crop model. The ES-1 will not be suitable for lenses very much longer, for example, not with 90 or 105 mm. That might still be conceivable if enough added extension (several inches) is possible, but that doesn't seem a common plan. Cheaper than buying a new lens though. However, other plans not using the ES-1 should work with any focal length at any distance.

Most cases of camera slide copy operations will require a crop of each finished copy to set precise borders. Raw images and software can make this crop very easy, perhaps done as one bulk operation for all (or many). And a tighter crop can often improve many of our original slide compositions, to remove obtrusive or extraneous or blank surroundings that detract from the subject.

The best film scanners were 4000 dpi, and it was debated then that 3000 dpi was plenty to resolve film detail. A 12 to 24 megapixel camera with 1:1 macro lens is quite capable of getting the all the resolution that a normal 35 mm slide has to give. And the high quality camera macro lens is superb, compared to what is in $200 scanners. Even a 2 or 3 megapixel camera can create an copy suitable for a HD TV or monitor. Best case is a slide copy allowing one film dimension to fill the frame (slides smaller than the camera sensor will not fill the frame at 1:1).

Using the ES-1

This article is about using the ES-1. However, the ES-1 is not necessarily required, it is just a slide holder. There certainly are other easy ways without it, or for larger film, or longer lenses. Just put the camera on a tripod and aim it at the slide, lighted from behind. If using a longer macro lens, like 90 or 105 mm, then the ES-1 is not a choice anyway — the ES-1 would need unreal extension out to the slide holder. So, you can just devise some way to position the film at the right distance out in front of the macro lens. The slide holder will be the only hard part, but it need not be elaborate (you will finish all your slides pretty early, and have no more use for it.) The camera lens ought to be 90 degrees straight onto the slide.

Devise some diffused way to light the film from behind it (the ES-1 provides adequate diffusion). Bouncing a flash on a large white card background should work very well (however then focusing in dim light without flash may be difficult, however the flashes red focus assist LED aimed directly into the ES-1 works wonders.) Some people use the illuminated white plastic slide-sorting-trays for this, simply photographing the slide laying on it. Or cut a slot in the top of a pill bottle to stand the slide up in. Or the ES-1 is a slide holder, which with the right lens, pretty much takes care of all of this, very conveniently.

There is advantage of having the slide physically attached to the lens — there is no camera shake. The ES-1 does this. Otherwise, just using a short wood board, with a 1/4"-20 UNC screw (regular stuff in any North American hardware store) to hold the camera at one end with its tripod socket, and holding the slide holder in front of the lens (one of them with a short slot for adjustable sliding distance to set focus distance to the slide), should work well.

This Nikon 60 mm f/2.8 D AF macro lens is about $500, and there are other similar lenses. One person commented that they rented a macro lens for $40 to do the job inexpensively. It does seem a good idea to get your slide mounting/lighting setup mostly worked out before you rent the lens.

Low end Nikon DSLR need an AF-S lens to be able to auto focus, and this is an older lens (it is Auto focus on higher models, but not AF/S). There is now a newer 60 mm AF/S lens, and a Nikon 40 mm AF/S DX macro lens, both of which have shorter working distance in front of the lens, and should work (on a DX camera) without any additional spacers. The ES-1 attachés to a 52 mm filter thread, so it should fit any brand of DSLR. My 60 mm D lens has a 62 mm filter thread, so it needs the Nikon BR-5 Mount Adapter Ring, which is just a 62-52 mm filter step down ring (a nice one, with large knurled diameter). There are other similar thread adapters much less expensive, and there are other extensions about 20mm. The ES-1 copy attachment is basically an empty tube or spacer. It is two telescoping tubes actually, with about a one inch length adjustment. It telescopes to hold the slide from between 45 mm to 68 mm in front of the lens filter thread. Again, the ES-1 is an empty tube, just a slide holder, and a light diffuser, and it has no optics in it. The macro lens does all of the optical work.

This next is important details to understand about using the ES-1

See the Nikon ES-1 instruction sheet.

DX cameras: (APS-C, 1.5x crop factor) The ES-1 is designed for a full frame camera using the Nikon 55 mm f/2.8 macro lens. The problem is that for today's DX digital SLR with the 1.5x or 1.6x lens crop factor, the 35 mm slide is half again larger than the DX sensor. So 1:1 copy size is not appropriate for DX to copy slides that are larger than the sensor. The 1.5x crop sensor now needs a smaller image, more like a 0.67 reproduction size (which is 1:1.5), to fit the larger slide onto the smaller sensor. That 1:1.5 requires a longer working distance in front of the lens, approximately half again further than 1:1. But the ES-1 does not adjust that far, which means that the cropped sensor body (1.5x or 1.6x crop factor) needs an additional spacer in front of the lens so the ES-1 can be adjusted to hold the slide farther out in front, to appear as the smaller 0.67 size, so it will not be cropped excessively.

NOTE: For use with the ES-1, this extra extension is NOT speaking of a regular Extension Tube that goes between camera and lens to achieve closer focus. Instead, this is speaking of a simple tube about 20 mm long, with 52 mm threads on both ends, that goes between the 60 mm lens and the ES-1, to extend the ES-1, to hold the slide a little farther out, to achieve more distant focus on the DX body.

I had an old obsolete Nikon K extension tube set (Not for modern DSLR), and that set includes both a 20 mm K5 tube and a 10 mm K4 tube with 52 mm threads. So I used the K5 tube shown (only the one K5 threaded tube, and NOT the rest of the extension set), which works great with the ES-1 on DX with a 60 mm D lens. The K5 tube is a simple aluminum tube, 20 mm long, with 52 mm filter threads at each end, and this use places it between the lens and the ES-1. There are other similar tubes (see next page). The ES-1 telescopes nearly an inch (24 mm), but 60 mm on a DX body needs this much more (and the telescoping still allows for adjustment).

Various situations:

• Multiple Nikon users tell me that a Nikon 40 mm f/2.8G DX macro lens works well with the ES-1 without additional extension or adapter ring (it is a DX lens). Its short focal length makes the subject distance pretty close for some macro work, but that makes it just right for slide copying with ES-1.
• My 60 mm Nikon AF Micro Nikkor f2.8 D lens needs a 20 mm extra spacer (added between lens and ES-1) to cover the full slide frame on the Nikon 1.5x DX DSLR.

  NOTE: Mine mentioned here is the older 60 mm D lens. But the newer 60 mm AF-S lens is said to have a shorter working distance in front of the lens at 1:1 (50 mm new lens vs 71 mm old lens). So 20 mm less extension would seem a plus for using the ES-1 on DX, but I have not seen the AF-S version myself.

• An old Nikon 55 mm f/3.5 macro lens on the DX camera needs about 10 mm extension. These do 1:2, requiring their own extension tube (behind the lens) to reach 1:1. But only 1:1.5 is needed to do slide copies on DX, and instead, 10 mm extension (in front of lens) reduces the apparent slide size to provide that.
• One person said a Canon 7D camera (1.6x crop factor) with a Canon 60 mm f/2.8 EF-S lens needs two 28 mm extensions (totaling 56 mm, in front of lens) to use the Nikon ES-1. I have not seen this lens, but it is said to have a 90 mm working distance at 1:1, so this sounds comfortably right for slides at 1.6x crop.
• A longer macro lens (like 105 mm) can copy slides, but using the ES-1 with them seems less reasonable (needs considerable extra extension, but not impossible). The ES-1 is designed for a 55 mm lens on a full frame body, and maybe 40-60 mm on DX, depending on the situation.
• However, be aware that for other general macro work, such as insects or water drops instead of slides, the longer macro lens (like 105mm) will be much more convenient to use (then 1:1 magnification provides a little greater distance to subject).

Full frame (FX) cameras: The Nikon ES-1 was designed for full frame film bodies to copy mounted slides at 1:1 with a 55 mm macro lens. The ES-1 instruction sheet also includes the 60 mm f/2.8 D lens, specifying it gives 0.96 to 1.0 reproduction with the BR-5 mounting ring on a full frame camera. No extra extension is needed for the ES-1 on a full frame camera with older 55 or 60 mm micro lenses.

At right is using a full frame D800 with older 60 mm D lens using the ES-1 at its maximum extension (alone, with only the BR-5 thread adapter). It needs less extension for a closer enlarged cropped view, but this longer 60 mm lens cannot focus closer than 1:1. This existing view seems very usable if you crop each one a little (which you likely want to do anyway, in most cases). In addition to compositional improvements, cropping allows rotation to straighten and center, and 36 or 24 megapixels will allow a lot of cropping. For those all the same, Raw software could do this as one batch operation.

I measure the ES-1 with BR-5 to have an adjustable telescoping working distance range (in front of lens) of 50 mm to 74 mm. Here is a good chart showing minimum working distance of many macro lenses (WD in this chart). I have not tried it, but this source says the newer 60 mm AF-S lens has a 1:1 working distance of 50 mm (vs 71 mm for 60 mm D). This implies it should be better suited for the ES-1 (without extra extension).

If scanning these old slides is your only goal, and assuming you already have the DSLR, and can find an extension tube for DX, you might compare the macro lens expense with a film scanner. The lens is not a film scanner, and a digital camera will NOT be suitable to copy color negative film, but it works for slides. The macro lens has many other photographic uses too — it has great value in its own right. The Nikon 60 mm macro lens is excellent for any close-up work, and I'd assume the other similar lenses are great too. I predict the macro would quickly become your favorite lens.

This ES-1 setup works very well for scanning mounted slides quickly — like magic after you get the hang of it. Truly fantastic for speed. The macro lens optical quality is exceptional, but the other aspects are maybe not truly optimum (haste, mounting, framing, etc), not the same as a real film scanner. But still rather easy, and which seems more than good enough for this purpose to recapture thousands of old slides for nostalgic purposes. There are some pluses too, besides the great speed, the macro lens is awesome quality. Frankly, due to the months of work that would be required on a film scanner, this job went years without happening at all.

Above is a sample image copied from a 1990 35 mm Kodachrome slide, using the ES-1 setup with the D70S, 6 megapixels (is a cropped 1.5x body). Click the image to see the full size 3008x2000 pixel 900KB image file. The image is significantly larger than your monitor screen, and to see full size, you may have to save the larger image and view with an image editor, or you could turn off Automatic Image Resizing in your browser.

The camera macro lens seems the obvious bet for superior optical quality. I normally use flash lighting, for convenience and consistency, but this one was shot with skylight (basically holding the slide up to the window light), and for this, the RAW file was set to Cloudy white balance. ISO 200, f/8, 1/20 second in A mode (skylight auto exposure varies with day and slide). This is a typical good slide, certainly not my worst one. More of my slides are marginal that I care to admit, but if you have decent slides, you can get good images this way too. If not so decent, then it should reproduce that too. 😊  Results are obviously good enough. And did I mention it is very fast?

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Testing extremes perhaps, but here is the same slide copied with a Canon A620 PowerShot compact camera (point&shoot) in its macro mode. No extra attachment was used — its macro mode gets this close if zoomed to wide-angle. Click the image to see the 7 megapixel 3072x2304 pixel 1MB image file (compressed more here, camera JPG file was 3.1MB). Pixel dimensions are roughly equivalent to scanning at 2500 dpi.

This was a quickly kludged setup for the one image here. (My method: keep piling on stuff to solve the next immediate problem). The camera was on a tripod. The slide was literally standing up on edge on top of a light stand pole, held with a piece of tape. The slide was only about 1/2 inch from the lens, and lighted from the rear. This light was a 150 watt household incandescent lamp (possibly 2900K?) in a ten inch clamp-on utility reflector on a light stand (about 15 inches from slide), through a plastic Tupperware tray (yet another light stand) covered with a white bed sheet to diffuse it sufficiently (this lighted area should be a couple of feet wide, the slide at 1/2 inch is a wide angle situation).

Camera mode A at f/4 was set to Incandescent white balance. The JPG was a little blue, and was adjusted here with -Blue and +Red. Auto exposure was ISO 100 and 1/80 second (time delay shutter to let camera stop shaking). This camera takes 4:3 pictures, but the slide was 3:2, so the ends are cropped. Or, a little more distance would have made the image smaller so it would all fit, and then it could have been cropped to 3:2.

The top edge ended up not quite cropped enough, due to the barrel distortion shown. A straight edge held to the top railing on the right shows a similar bow, which is noticeable. Considerable vignetting (dark corners). This is a pretty extreme situation for the little compact camera lens. Not sure you would actually want to try this, but it can work. I did feel the very strong need for a convenient slide holder. But it is still good to be able to see the old slides again, and the point is that many things are possible. Compacts don't specify their macro reproduction ratio, so the calculator cannot include them.

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Other Ideas

Many other methods of holding and illuminating the slide are certainly possible. If you have a longer macro lens, you surely need something other than the ES-1 anyway. You just need a diffused light behind the slide, and a camera and macro lens in front of it. Any macro lens capable of 1:1 will do it this way (cropped sensors need a little less than 1:1 for 35 mm slides). One common way places a lighted white paper or foam board background a foot or so behind the slide, with the camera and macro lens on a tripod in front. Slide holder could be a plastic pill bottle screwed to a board, with a slot cut at top to hold the slide standing up. Camera can be mounted on the same board, eliminating camera shake. Camera tripod screws are an ordinary 1/4-20 UNC screw (Unified Thread Standard, coarse thread, 1/4 inch diameter, 20 pitch per inch), common in any North American hardware store. Speedlight flash is also great for freezing camera shake. Or, simply standing the slide on a regular lighted slide sorting tray is basically the same thing, pointing the lens at it, rear lighted.

There is some white balance and cropping work, and then saving the files (raw makes all that easier), but the slide holder is quite important, because the copy job largely consists of loading slides over and over, about as fast as you can insert and reload them. The holder should be easy and fast and stable, you don't want it to move.

Here's a neat DIY idea shared by Jim Simpson in Nova Scotia Canada. The grooved mounting for slides is 3/4 inch wood knobs, and it looks very handy and easy to run. Tokina 100 mm macro lens on Nikon D7100 camera, using a white screen flashlight app (Apple, Android). Jim says a typical exposure is 1/5 second f/8 ISO 200. White balance is Cloudy, or Shade sometimes (correcting individual slides will vary a little).

Mounting the camera and the slide on the same board minimizes any possibility of camera shake. These do have to be mounted at the correct distance so that the slide fills your frame at your typical 1:1 or 1:1.5 focus distance.

Another option: A friend bought an inexpensive Wolverine 14 megapixel slide scanner, and is pleased with it for slides. These are just a camera sensor with a close up lens and a lighted slide mount. It has now been updated to this 20 mp model: Wolverine F2D Mighty 20MP 7-in-1 Film to Digital Converter

There are slide copier attachments that are designed to fit on the lens of compact and DSLR cameras. I have no experience with these, but they are a slide holder and a +10 diopter close-up lens (an extremely strong single element magnifying glass in front of the camera lens). These copiers rely on the zoom range of your lens to size the enlargement right. Point&shoot cameras only have zoom lenses, but word on the street says you must use a zoom lens on a DSLR too, with this type of attachment.

I have not seen these adapters (I only have my Nikon ES-1), but I would normally be skeptical that a close-up lens could keep the edges of the frame sharp, however the smaller digital sensor would be a strong plus here, using only the center of the field. I would stop down well with one, at least f/11, and try f/16 and judge that too. I already had the good macro lens, so my strong bias was for the slide-holding adapter without any optics in it, assuming better quality results from the macro lens than from inexpensive optics (I use f/8 with it for slides). There is a large difference in the cost however, and all methods have fans.

Robert Cullen in Australia shared this method of modifying a slide projector for use with a 105 mm camera macro lens. In such cases, if you reverse the slides in the slide carrier (front to back), they will come out correct (right to left) in the camera image.

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How To

You can use daylight or a flash or incandescent light source, and White Balance should match that source (not the slide subject — however, WB can also correct the original slide WB). It is quick to just point it at the top part of a window towards the sky light (**NEVER** at the sun — which could damage your eyes), and for that sky light, use White Balance of "Shade", or sometimes "Cloudy" (extremely convenient, but slightly variable color as sky or day changes).

Shooting RAW, you decide white balance later at the computer, with many possibilities which you can view and judge by eye. You can correct the original slide too. RAW is fantastic, its 12 bits have more range for this. The perceived advantage of skylight or incandescent over flash is that focusing is bright. Using skylight, I use auto exposure in A mode at f/8. The slide is a flat plane, so it does not need much depth of field. Optimum lens sharpness seems like about f/8, which should handle focus variations. With skylight, my typical auto exposure varies from 1/10 to 1/4 second (both skylight and slides vary). Flash intensity would allow a much faster shutter, but the slide in the adapter is attached to the camera, so camera shake is no issue, even with ambient light.

For a compact camera, flash will NOT be an option. You must turn off the internal flash (film must be lighted from the rear). There is probably no way to sync an external flash, for sure not with auto exposure. But that still leaves skylight or incandescent light for compact cameras.

Either way, flash or incandescent or skylight, auto or manual, it may still need minor individual exposure tweaking later, and RAW provides some range to do that, easy and well. With regard to both exposure and cropping, it seems unreasonable to expect that they will all come out of the camera just right.

About light meters: I normally use center-weighted metering, but cannot point it where I want on the slide, so I switched to Matrix metering mode for this. Light meters work by assuming any scene averages out to middle gray, which is true most of the time. So the meter reads the average intensity of the scene and tries to reproduce it as averaging middle gray. This is well and good at the original scene for the original exposure. It is also well and good for a well-exposed slide, it sees average middle gray, and it comes out averaged to middle gray. But it is a little different when seeing a black slide, or one burnt to clear film. The metering still attempts to make both come out as middle gray (auto exposure is longer for dark frames, and shorter for light frames). This is just what light meters do. So considerable tweaking may still be needed if you need to recreate the black or clear. You could choose to deal with this at time of copy exposure for the most fastidious result. I am normally as fastidious as anyone, but speaking of thousands of slides seems a little different. I don't keep many bad ones, so my choice was to ignore it and go quick and dirty, hoping RAW processing might be able to deal with it. I assumed I could always go back again if necessary, but I have not felt the need yet.

Most slides will autofocus fine, and autofocus is easily the best plan. Only a few won't focus (clear sky in that spot, which cannot be moved in the adapter), so then I just move the center focus zone over to where there are some edges to focus on. Or you could switch to Manual focus, and focus it by eye — which is easy, but it takes a few seconds. It seems important to remember to restore it to Auto focus for the next ones.

The ES-1 has sliding tubes which can move if pushed. If manual focus is used for all slides, focus must be rechecked often, because it can drift off, I think maybe due to pressure from loading the slide eventually shifting the tubes. But auto focus normally works great for almost all of them. However, this would seem an issue on the compact camera for the few slides that don't autofocus.

Once into the swing of things, I can shoot about 20 slides per minute (auto focus, auto exposure)... as fast as I can load them into the ES-1. This is the shortest part of the work. It did not include time to brush dust from the slide, which seemed unnecessary for my slides. Play and learn the first day, to see some stuff before starting the serious run. The ES-1 is not particularly helpful about controlling the position of the slide. You center it sideways by eye by judging position in the slot outside, which is easy to do, no big deal. I added a couple of layers of folded thick paper in the bottom of the slot to help center vertically. Initial alignment is not quite obvious, you crop it so the slide frame is not visible, but if the viewfinder only shows about 95% of the frame anyway, it is hard to judge until you see results in the computer. Slight cropping will aid this effort, so all you worry about is getting it straight. Frankly, this location and cropping part is where the film scanner runs circles around us. But the camera's scan in a fraction of a second has much to be said for it too. Sufficient trial and error at first setup will learn about getting the right magnification size, and about centering it and rotating it straight, and then you can go very fast.

I shoot RAW, 2GB or 3GB at a time, and use Adobe Camera RAW (ACR) for post processing. ACR allows you to open all images at once (hundreds of them), and select all, and then do White Balance and saturation, and even maybe CTRL-U auto processing in one immediate operation. This is fast. In fact, any operation (like cropping) can apply to multiple selected images when appropriate. But if not done this way, it is more clicks on each one. They are all the same though, to match your flash (unless you need to correct the original White Balance too). I don't always sweat every little detail — remember, we are speaking of thousands of images. But I do look at each one (which is part of the reminiscing) and tweak the exposure processing on many, rotate those with portrait orientation, and maybe crop or straighten it. Which is just a few clicks on each, maybe 10 to 20 seconds (going fast), but on all those hundreds of images, this takes the vast majority of the time.

Even so, my best day was to copy and process 1000 slides (a hard days work — 6 hours or more). That includes general post processing, including review and correction of white balance, cropping and exposure (many shortcuts taken, including much multiple processing, etc, but generally very adequate work. The few best ones might get another session.) That would take at least several hard weeks of work if scanning... probably many months since there are other things to do, and scanning thousands is probably simply not going to happen (it certainly never did here). This may not be my best work (due to my haste, not due to equipment), but no reason to feel shame either. You probably can capture it as filling full sensor frame, which will get all the megapixels your camera can deliver. The digital camera method is more than fine, no issue with reproduction quality, but going so fast didn't help details like cropping (which can be fixed later). My process did not include time for any dust processing. I did not even feel the need to brush the film. My film is stored well and the problem was mild. I can find some minor dust if I hunt, but it disappears when resampled to video screen size. Frankly, I think it may help that the slide did not sit out 30 minutes in the scanner slide tray. This digital camera method was rushed in comparison, but the images seem more than good enough to recover the memories in the old slides. No excuses, it sure beats the alternatives, of either many months of work, or no images to view. I am thrilled to have them digitized now for viewing.

RAW is much more than the ability to bypass JPG. FWIW, RAW really has no meaning from a scanner, which is already a RGB image, and we cannot use an image without gamma, and ordinary 16 bit TIF does all we could ever want. But cameras and their Bayer filters are a very different situation, plus it is the way to bypass 8 bit and JPG, but maybe the largest advantage is that the camera RAW tools are so powerful and convenient (see Why Shoot Raw? ). The processed RAW files are my archive, and then Photoshop has its Batch processing with Actions to convert all the RAW files to smaller JPG copies for viewing, sized right for the situation. That may take an hour to resize a batch of 1000 large images, but you can go watch TV. Frankly, I'm not sure how to work without raw now. I suspect this slide copy method is not for the faint of heart, because it is not point&shoot, and the close-up photography details may be slightly more difficult, but having a high quality macro lens is a real benefit, and Photoshop ACR raw and Batch processing seem extremely desirable. Adobe Elements also has the same ACR module, but which does not include every fancy option (see raw differences in Elements) I'd miss having all of it, but Elements should be satisfactory for the general case.

Post-processing of color negatives is a special problem, and IMO, a real film scanner will be best for them. But slides are quite easy with the digital camera and a good macro lens.

This was surely too chatty, sorry, but hopefully it is of help to someone. There are many details involved in all of this, and several choices, but a digital camera is in fact a good way to "scan" thousands of old slides very quickly.

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